2.3.3 Pilot Licenses, Instrument and Instructor Ratings
2.3.3.1 STUDENT PILOTS
(a) Age. The applicant for a student pilot Authorization shall be not less than 16 years of age.
(b) Knowledge. The applicant for a student pilot Authorization shall receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor on the following subjects:
(1) applicable sections of Part 2 and Part 8;
(2) airspace rules and procedures for the airport where the student will perform solo flight; and
(3) flight characteristics and operation limitations for the make and model of aircraft to be flown.
(c) Pre-solo flight instruction. Prior to conducting a solo flight, a student pilot shall have:
(1) received and logged flight training for the maneuvers and procedures as listed in IS 2.3.3.1.
(2) demonstrated satisfactory proficiency and safety, as judged by an authorized instructor, on the maneuvers and
procedures as listed in IS 2.3.3.1.
(d) Solo flight requirements: A student pilot shall not fly solo:
(1) unless holding at least a Class 2 Medical Certificate; and
(2) with the authority of an authorized flight instructor.
2.3.3.2 PRIVATE PILOT LICENSE - AIRPLANE
(a) Age. The applicant for a PPL(A) shall be not less than 17 years of age.
(b) Knowledge. The applicant for a PPL(A) shall:
(1) Receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor on the following subjects:
(i) Air law: rules and regulations relevant to the holder of a PPL(A); rules of the air;
appropriate air traffic services practices and procedures
(ii) Aircraft general knowledge:
(A) Principles of operation of airplane power-plants, systems and instruments;
(B) Operating limitations of airplanes and power-plants: relevant operational information from the flight manual
or other appropriate document;
(iii) Flight performance and planning:
(A) effects of loading and weight distribution on flight characteristics; weight and balance calculations;
(B) use and practical application of take-off, landing and other performance data;
(C) pre-flight and en-route flight planning appropriate to private operations under VFR; preparation and filing of air
traffic services flight plans; appropriate air traffic services procedures; position reporting procedures; altimeter
setting procedures; operations in areas of high-density traffic;
(iv) Human performance: human performance relevant to the PPL(A)
(v) Meteorology: application of elementary aeronautical meteorology; use of, and
procedures for obtaining, meteorological information; altimetry
(vi) Navigation: practical aspects of air navigation and dead-reckoning techniques;
use of aeronautical charts:
(vii) Operational procedures:
(A) use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP, NOTAM, aeronautical
codes and abbreviations;
(B) appropriate precautionary and emergency procedures, including action to
be taken to avoid hazardous weather, wake turbulence and other
operating hazards;
(viii) Principles of flight: principles of flight relating to airplanes;
(ix) Radiotelephony:
(A) radiotelephony procedures and phraseology as applied to VFR
operations; action to be taken in case of communication failure;
(B) as listed in IS 2.3.3.2 Appendix A;
(2) have received an endorsement for the knowledge test from an authorized
instructor who:
(i) conducted the training on the knowledge subjects;
(ii) certifies that the person is prepared for the required knowledge test; and
(3) pass the required knowledge test on the knowledge areas listed in IS 2.3.3.2
Appendix A.
(b) Experience
(1) The applicant for a PPL(A) shall have completed not less than 40 hours of flight
time as pilot of airplanes, a total of 5 hours may have been completed in a flight
simulator or flight procedures trainer.
(2) The applicant shall have completed in airplanes not less than 10 hours of solo
flight time under the supervision of an authorized flight instructor, including 5
hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least one cross-country flight totaling
not less than 270 km (150 nm) in the course of which full-stop landings at two
difference aerodromes shall be made.
(3) The holder of pilot licenses in other categories may be credited with 10 hours of
the total flight time as pilot-in-command towards a PPL(A).
(c) Flight Instruction.
(1) The applicant for a PPL(A) shall receive and log not less than 20 hours of dual
instruction from an authorized instructor on the subjects listed in IS 2.3.3.2
Appendix B. These 20 hours may include 5 hours completed in a flight simulator
or flight procedures trainer. The 20 hours of dual instruction shall include at least 5
hours of solo cross-country flight time with at least one cross-country flight totaling
not less than 270 km (150 NM) in the course of which full-stop landings at two
different aerodromes shall be made.
(2) The instructor shall ensure that the applicant has operational experience in at
least the following areas to the level of performance required for the private pilot:
(i) pre-flight operations, including mass and balance determination, airplane
inspection and servicing;
(ii) aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance precautions and
procedures;
(iii) control of the airplane by external visual reference;
(iv) flight at critically slow airspeeds; recognition of, and recovery from, incipient
and full stalls;
(v) flight at critically high airspeeds; recognition of, and recovery from, spiral
dives,
(vi) normal and cross-wind take-offs and landings;
(vii) maximum performance (short field and obstacle clearance take-offs, shortfield
landings;
(viii) flight by reference solely to instruments, including the completion of a level
180 degrees turn:
(ix) cross-country flying using visual reference, dead reckoning and, where
available, radio navigation aids;
(x) emergency operations, including simulated airplane equipment malfunctions;
and
(xi) operations to, from and transmitting controlled aerodromes, compliance with
air traffic services procedures, radiotelephony procedures and phraseology as
further specified in IS 2.3.3.2 Appendix B.
(3) If the privileges of the PPL(A) are to be exercised at night, the applicant shall have
received 4 hours dual instruction in airplanes in night flying, including take-offs,
landings and 1 hour of navigation and that information shall be endorsed on the license.
Note 1: Training can be performed by an individually authorized flight instructor,
by an authorized flight instructor in a flying club, or in an Aviation Training
Organization.
(d) Skill. The applicant for a PPL(A) shall:
(1) have received an endorsement from an authorized instructor who certifies that the
person is prepared for the required skill test; and
(2) have demonstrated by passing a skill test the ability to perform as pilot-incommand
of an airplane, the areas of operation described in IS 2.3.3.2 Appendix B, with a degree of
competency appropriate to the privileges granted to the holder of a PPL(A), and to
(i) operate the airplane within its limitations;
(ii) complete all maneuvers with smoothness and accuracy;
(iii) exercise good judgment and airmanship;
(iv) apply aeronautical knowledge; and
(v) maintain control of the airplane at all times in a manner such that the
successful outcome of a procedure or maneuver is never seriously in doubt.
(e) Medical fitness. The applicant for a PPL(A) shall hold a current Class 2 Medical
Certificate.
(f) Privileges. Subject to compliance with the requirements specified in this Part, the
privileges of the holder of a PPL (A) shall be to act, but not for remuneration, as pilotin-
command or co-pilot of any airplane engaged in non-revenue flights.
(g) Validity. Subject to compliance with the requirements specified in this Part, the validity
period of the license is 2 years. For renewal of the license see 2.2.3.
2.3.3.3 COMMERCIAL PILOT LICENSE - AIRPLANE
(a) Age. The applicant for a CPL (A) shall be not less than 18 years of age.
(b) Knowledge. The applicant for a CPL (A) shall:
(1) receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor on the following
subjects:
(i) Air law: rules and regulations relevant to the holder of a CPL (A); rules of the
air; appropriate air traffic services practices and procedures
(ii) Aircraft general knowledge:
(A) principles of operation and functioning of airplane power-plants, systems
and instruments:
(B) operating limitations of appropriate airplanes and power-plants; relevant
operational information from the flight manual or other appropriate
document;
(C) use and serviceability checks of equipment and systems of appropriate
airplanes;
(D) maintenance procedures for airframes, systems and power-plants of
appropriate airplanes;
(iii) Flight performance and planning:
(A) effects of loading and mass distribution on airplane handling, flight
characteristics and performance; mass and balance calculations;
(B) use and practical application of take-off, landing and other performance
data;
(C) pre-flight and en-route flight planning appropriate to operations under
VFR; preparation and filing of air traffic services flight plans; appropriate
air traffic services procedures;
(iv) Human performance: human performance relevant to the CPL (A);
(v) Meteorology:
(A) interpretation and application of aeronautical meteorological reports.
charts and forecasts; use of, and procedures for obtaining, meteorological
information, pre-flight and in-flight; altimetry;
(B) aeronautical meteorology; climatology of relevant areas in respect of the
elements having an effect upon aviation; the moment of pressure
systems. the structure of fronts; and the origin and characteristics of
significant weather phenomena which affect take-off, en-route and landing
conditions; hazardous weather avoidance;
(vi) Navigation: air navigation. including the use of aeronautical charts,
instruments and navigation aids; understanding of the principles and
characteristics of appropriate navigation systems; operation of air borne
equipment
(vii) Operation procedures:
(A) use of aeronautical documentation such as AIR; NOTAM, aeronautical
codes and abbreviations:
(B) appropriate precautionary and emergency procedures;
(C) operational procedures for carriage of freight; potential hazards
associated with dangerous goods;
(D) requirements and practices for safety briefing to passengers, including
precautions to be observed when embarking and disembarking from
airplanes;
(viii) Principles of flight: principles of flight relating to airplanes;
(ix) Radiotelephony:
(A) radiotelephony procedures and phraseology as applied to VFR
operations; action to be taken in case of communication failure:
(B) as further specified in IS 2.3.3.3 Appendix A.
(2) Have received an endorsement for the knowledge test from an authorized
instructor who:
(i) conducted the training on the knowledge subjects:
(ii) certifies that the person is prepared for the required knowledge test: and
(3) Pass the required knowledge test on the knowledge subjects listed in IS 2.3.3.3
Appendix B.
(c) Experience.
(1) The applicant for a CPL(A) shall have completed not less than 200 hours of flight
time, or 150 hours if completed during an Authority-approved training course
provided for in an Approved Training Organization under Part 3, as a pilot of
airplanes, of which 10 hours may have been completed in a flight simulator or
flight procedures trainer.
(2) The applicant shall have completed in airplanes not less than:
(i) 100 hours as pilot-in-command or, in the case of a course of approved
training, 70 hours as pilot-in-command;
(ii) 20 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot-in-command including a crosscountry
flight totaling not less than 540 km (300 NM) in the course of which
full-stop landings at two different aerodromes shall be made:
(iii) 10 hours of instrument instruction time of which not more than 5 hours may be
instrument ground time;
(iv) if the privileges of the license are to be exercised at night, 5 hours of night
flight time including 5 take-offs and 5 landings as pilot-in-command.
(3) The holder of a pilot license in another category may be credited towards the 200
hours of flight time as follows:
(i) 10 hours as PIC in a category other than helicopters; or
(ii) 30 hours as pilot-in-command holding a PPL(H) on helicopters; or
(iii) 100 hours as pilot-in-command holding a CPL(H) on helicopters.
(4) The applicant for a CPL(A) shall hold a PPL(A) issued under this Part.
(d) Flight Instruction.
(1) The applicant for a CPL(A) shall receive and log not less than 25 hours of dual
instruction from an authorized instructor. These 25 hours may include 5 hours
completed in a flight simulator or flight procedures trainer.
(2) The instructor shall ensure that the applicant has operational experience in at
least the following areas to the level of performance required for the commercial
pilot:
(i) pre-flight operations, including mass and balance determination, airplane
inspection and servicing; aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision
avoidance precautions and procedures;
(ii) control of the airplane by external visual reference;
(iii) flight at critically slow airspeeds; recognition of, and recovery from, incipient
and full stalls:
(iv) flight at critically high airspeeds; recognition of, and recovery from, spiral
dives;
(v) normal and cross-wind take-offs and landings;
(vi) maximum performance (short field and obstacle clearance take-offs, shortfield
landings;
(vii) basic flight maneuvers and recovery from unusual attitudes by reference
solely to basic flight instruments;
(viii) cross-country flying using visual reference, dead reckoning and radio
navigation aids; diversion procedures
(ix) abnormal and emergency procedures and maneuvers; and
(x) operations to, from and transmitting controlled aerodromes, compliance with
air traffic services procedures, radiotelephony procedures and phraseology as
further specified in IS 2.3.3.3 Appendix B.
(3) If the privileges of the CPL(A) are to be exercised at night, the applicant shall have
received 4 hours dual instruction in airplanes in night flying, including take-offs,
landings and 1 hour of navigation.
(e) Skill. The applicant for a CPL(A) shall:
(1) have received an endorsement from an authorized instructor who certifies that the
person is prepared for the required skill test; and
(2) shall have demonstrated by passing a skill test the ability to perform as pilot-incommand
of an airplane, the areas of operation described in IS 2.3.3.3 Appendix
B, with a degree of competency appropriate to the privileges granted to the holder
of a CPL(A), and to
(i) operate the airplane within its limitations;
(ii) complete all maneuvers with smoothness and accuracy;
(iii) exercise good judgment and airmanship;
(iv) apply aeronautical knowledge; and
(v) maintain control of the airplane at all times in a manner such that the
successful outcome of a procedure or maneuver is never seriously in doubt.
(f) Medical fitness. The applicant for a CPL(A) shall hold a current Class 1 Medical
Certificate.
(g) Privileges. Subject to compliance with the requirements specified in this Part, the
privileges of the holder of a CPL(A) shall be:
(1) to exercise all the privileges of the holder of a PPL(A);
(2) to act as pilot-in-command in any airplane engaged in operations other than
commercial air transportation;
(3) to act as pilot-in-command in commercial air transportation in any airplane
certificated for single-pilot operation; and
(4) to act as co-pilot in commercial air transportation in airplanes required to be
operated with a copilot.
(h) Validity. Subject to compliance with the requirements specified in this Part, the validity
period of the license is one (1) year. For renewal of the license see 2.2.3.
2.3.3.4 AIRLINE TRANSPORT PILOT LICENSE - AIRPLANE
(a) Age. The applicant for a ATPL(A) shall be not less than 21 years of age.
(b) Knowledge. The applicant for an ATPL(A) shall:
(1) receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor on the following
subjects:
(i) Air law: rules and regulations relevant to the holder of an ATPL(A); rules of the
air, appropriate air traffic services practices and procedures
(ii) Aircraft general knowledge:
(A) general characteristics and limitations of electrical, hydraulic,
pressurization and other airplane systems; flight control systems,
including autopilot and stability augmentation;
(B) principles of operation, handling procedures and operating limitations of
airplane power-plants; effects of atmospheric conditions on engine
performance; relevant operational information from the flight manual or
other appropriate document,
(C) operating procedures and limitations of appropriate airplanes; effects of
atmospheric conditions on airplane performance,
(D) use and serviceability checks of equipment and systems of appropriate
airplanes;
(E) flight instruments; compasses, turning and acceleration errors; gyroscopic
instruments, operational limits and precession effects; practices and
procedures in the event of malfunctions of various flight instruments;
(F) (maintenance procedures for airframes, systems and power-plants of
appropriate airplanes;
(iii) Flight performance and planning:
(A) effects of loading and mass distribution on airplane handling, flight
characteristics and performance; mass and balance calculations;
(B) use and practical application of take-off, landing and other performance
data, including procedures for cruise control;
(C) pre-flight and en-route operational flight planning; preparation and filing of
air traffic services flight plans; appropriate air traffic services procedures;
altimeter setting procedures
(iv) Human performance: human performance relevant to the ATPL(A)
(v) Meteorology:
(A) interpretation and application of aeronautical meteorological reports,
charts and forecasts; codes and abbreviations; use of, and procedures for
obtaining, meteorological information; pre-flight and in-flight; altimetry;
(B) aeronautical meteorology; climatology of relevant areas in respect of the
elements having an effect upon aviation; the moment of pressure
systems; the structure of fronts, and the origin and characteristics of
significant weather phenomena which affect take-off, en-route and landing
conditions;
(C) causes, recognition and effects of engine and airframe icing; frontal zone
penetration procedures; hazardous weather avoidance;
(vi) Navigation:
(A) air navigation, including the use of aeronautical charts, radio navigation
aids and area navigation systems; specific navigation requirements for
long-range flights; use, limitation and serviceability of avionics and
instruments necessary for the control and navigation of airplanes;
(B) use, accuracy and reliability of navigation systems used in departure, enroute,
approach and landing phases of flight; identification of radio
navigation aids;
(C) principles and characteristics of self-contained and external-referenced
navigation systems; operation of airborne equipment;
(vii) Operation procedures:
(A) interpretation and use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP,
NOTAM, aeronautical codes and abbreviations, and instrument procedure
charts for departure, en-route, descent and approach;
(B) precautionary and emergency procedures; safety practices associated
with flight under IFR
(C) operational procedures for carriage of freight and dangerous goods;
(D) requirements and practices for safety briefing to passengers, including
precautions to be observed when embarking and disembarking from
airplanes;
(viii) Principles of flight: principles of flight relating to airplanes; subsonic
aerodynamics; compressibility effects, maneuver boundary limits, wing design
characteristics, effects of supplementary lift and drag devices; relationships
between lift, drag and thrust at various airspeeds and in different flight
configuration;
(ix) Radiotelephony: radiotelephony procedures and phraseology; action to be
taken in case of communication failure; as further specified in IS 2.3.3.4
Appendix A
(c) Experience.
(1) The applicant for an ATPL (A) shall have completed not less than 1,500 hours of
flight time as a pilot of airplanes of which a maximum of 100 hours may have been
completed in a flight simulator. The applicant shall have completed in airplanes
not less than:
(i) 250 hours, either as pilot-in-command, or made up by not less than 100 hours
as pilot-in-command and the necessary additional flight time as co-pilot
performing, under the supervision of the pilot-in-command, the duties and
functions of a pilot-in-command; provided that the method of supervision
employed is acceptable to the Authority;
(ii) 200 hours of cross-country flight time, of which not less than 100 hours shall
be as pilot-in-command or as co-pilot performing, under the supervision of the
pilot-in-command, the duties and functions of a pilot-in-command, provided
that the method of supervision employed is acceptable to the Authority;
(iii) 75 hours of instrument time, of which not more than 30 hours may be
instrument ground time; and
(iv) 100 hours of night flight as pilot-in-command or as co-pilot.
(2) Holders of a CPL(H) will be credited with 50% of their helicopter flight time as
pilot-in-command towards the flight time required in paragraph (1) above.
(3) The applicant shall have completed a CRM course on the subjects listed in IS
2.3.2.4 Appendix B.
(4) The applicant for an ATPL(A) shall be the holder of a CPL(A) with instrument and
multi-engine rating issued under this Part.
(d) Flight Instruction. The applicant for an ATPL(A) shall have received the dual flight
instruction required for the issue of the CPL(A) and the IR.
(e) Skill. The applicant for an ATPL(A) shall:
(1) have received an endorsement from an authorized instructor who certifies that the
person is prepared for the required skill test; and
(2) have demonstrated by passing a skill test the ability to perform, as pilot-incommand
of a multi-engine airplane required to be operated with a co-pilot, the
following procedures and maneuvers:
(i) pre-flight procedures, including the preparation of the operational flight plan
and filing of the air traffic services flight plan;
(ii) normal flight procedures and maneuvers during all phases of flight;
(iii) procedures and maneuvers for IFR operations under normal, abnormal and
emergency conditions, including simulated engine failure, and covering at
least the following:
(A) transition to instrument flight on take-off;
(B) standard instrument departures and arrivals;
(C) en-route IFR procedures and navigation;
(D) holding procedures;
(E) instrument approaches to specified minima;
(F) missed approach procedures;
(G) landings from instrument approaches;
(iv) abnormal and emergency procedures and maneuvers related to failures and
malfunctions of equipment, such as power-plant, systems and airframe; and
(v) procedures for crew incapacitation and crew coordination, including allocation
of pilot tasks, crew cooperation and use of checklists.
(3) have demonstrated by passing a skill test the ability to perform the areas of
operation described in IS 2.3.3.4 Appendix B, with a degree of competency
appropriate to the privileges granted to the holder of an ATPL(A), and to:
(i) operate the airplane within its limitations;
(ii) complete all maneuvers with smoothness and accuracy;
(iii) exercise good judgment and airmanship;
(iv) apply aeronautical knowledge; and
(v) maintain control of the airplane at all times in a manner such that the
successful outcome of a procedure or maneuver is never in doubt;
(vi) understand and apply crew coordination and incapacitation procedures; and
(vii) communicate effectively with the other flight crew members
(f) Medical fitness. The applicant for an ATPL(A) shall hold a current Class 1 Medical
Certificate.
(g) Privileges. Subject to compliance with the requirements specified in this Part, the
privileges of the holder of an ATPL(A) shall be:
(1) to exercise all the privileges of the holder of a PPL(A) and CPL(A) and of an IR(A);
and
(2) to act as pilot-in-command and co-pilot in airplanes in air transportation.
(3) if authorized under this CAR, holder of an ATPL may instruct other pilots in air
transportation service in aircraft or approved simulator training device of the
category, class and type for which he is rated. To do so, he must be familiar with
the operating procedures of the company for which he is providing pilot
instruction. However, he may not instruct for more than 8 hours in one day, and
not more than 36 hours in any 7-day period. He may instruct under this section
only in aircraft with functioning dual controls. Unless he has a valid flight instructor
license, an airline transport pilot may instruct only as provided in this section.
(h) Validity. Subject to compliance with the requirements specified in this Part, the validity
period of the license is 6 months. For renewal of the license see Subpart 2.2.3.
2.3.3.5 MULTI-CREW PILOT LICENSE (MPL)
(a) Applicability
This section prescribes the requirements for the issuance of an MPL and ratings, the
conditions under which those license and ratings are necessary, and the limitations
upon those license and ratings.
(b) Eligibility requirement:
(1) To be eligible for an MPL in the airplane category, the applicant shall have
completed an approved training course. The training shall be competency-based
and conducted in a multi-crew operational environment.
(2) During the training, the applicant shall have acquired the knowledge, skills and
attitudes required as the underpinning attributes for performing as a co-pilot of a
turbine-powered air transport airplane certificated for operation with a minimum
crew of at least two pilots.
(c) Assessment level:
(1) The applicant for the MPL in the airplane category shall have satisfactorily
demonstrated performance in all the nine competency units specified herein at the
advanced level of competency and shall have demonstrated the skill and
knowledge required for the safe operation of the applicable type of aircraft,
relevant to the licensing requirements and piloting functions of the applicant.
(2) The use of a flight simulation training device for acquiring the experience or
performing any maneuver required during the demonstration of skill for the issue
of a license or rating shall be approved by the Authority, which shall ensure that
the flight simulation training device used is appropriate to the task.
(d) Competency units:
The nine competency units that an applicant has to demonstrate are as follows: The
applicant shall:
(1) Apply threat and error management (TEM) principles;
(2) Perform airplane ground operations;
(3) Perform take-off;
(4) Perform climb;
(5) Perform cruise;
(6) Perform descent
(7) Perform approach;
(8) Perform landing; and
(9) Perform after-landing and airplane post-flight operations.
(e) Nationality:
Be a citizen of the Philippines or a citizen of a foreign country granting similar rights
and privileges to citizens of the Philippines subject, however, to existing treaty or
treaties and agreements entered into by the Philippine Government with foreign
countries and subject further to security measures adopted by the Philippine
Government.
2.3.3.5.2 REQUIREMENTS
(a) Age. The applicant for a MPL shall be not less than 18 years of age.
(b) Language proficiency. Be able to pass the ICAO English Proficiency Test at level 4 or
above.
(c) Knowledge. The applicant shall have demonstrated a level of knowledge appropriate
to the privileges granted to the holder of an ATPL (A) and appropriate to the category
of aircraft intended to be included in the license, in at least the following subjects (see
IS: 2.3.3.5 Appendix A). The applicant for an MPL shall:
(1) Receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor on the following subjects:
(i) Air Law: Rules and regulations relevant to the holder of an airline transport
pilot license; rules of the air; appropriate air traffic services practices and
procedures.
(ii) Aircraft General Knowledge:
(A) General characteristics and limitations of electrical, hydraulic,
pressurization and other aircraft systems; flight control systems, including
autopilot and stability augmentation.
(B) Principles of operation, handling procedures and operating limitations of
aircraft power-plants; effects of atmospheric conditions on engine
performance; relevant operational information from the flight manual or
other appropriate document.
(C) Operating procedures and limitations of the relevant category of aircraft;
effects of atmospheric conditions on aircraft performance in accordance to
the relevant operational information from the flight manual.
(D) Use and serviceability checks of equipment and systems of appropriate
aircraft.
(E) Flight instruments, compasses, turning and acceleration errors;
gyroscopic instruments, operational limits and precession effects;
practices and procedures in the event of malfunctions of various flight
instruments and electronic display units.
(F) Maintenance procedures for airframes, systems and power-plants of
appropriate aircraft.
(G) For helicopter and powered-lift, transmission (power-trains) where
applicable;
(iii) Flight Performance and Planning:
(A) Effects of loading and mass distribution on aircraft handling.
(iv) Human Performance:
(A) Human performance including principles of threat and error management.
(v) Meteorology:
(A) Interpretation and application of aeronautical meteorological reports,
charts and forecasts; codes and abbreviations; use of, and procedures for
obtaining, meteorological information, pre-flight and in-flight altimetry.
(B) Aeronautical meteorology; climatology of relevant areas in respect of the
elements having an effect upon aviation; the movement of pressure
systems; the structure of fronts, and the origin and characteristics of
significant weather phenomena which affect take-off, en-route and landing
conditions.
(C) Causes, recognition and effects of icing; frontal zone penetration
procedures; hazardous weather avoidance.
(D) In the case of airplane and powered-lift, practical high altitude
meteorology, including interpretation and use of weather reports, charts
and forecasts, and jet-streams.
(vi) Navigation:
(A) Air navigation, including the use of aeronautical charts, radio navigation
and area navigation systems; specific navigation requirements for
long-range flights.
(B) Use, limitation and serviceability of avionics and instruments necessary
for the control and navigation of aircraft.
(C) Use, accuracy and reliability of navigation systems used in departure, enroute,
approach and landing phases of flight; identification of radio
navigation aids.
(D) Principles and characteristics of self-contained and external-referenced
navigation systems; operation of airborne equipment.
(vii) Operational Procedures:
(A) Application of threat and error management to operational performance;
(B) Interpretation and use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP,
NOTAM, aeronautical codes and abbreviations;
(C) Precautionary and emergency procedures; safety practices;
(d) Operational procedures for carriage of freight and dangerous goods;
(E) Requirements and practices for safety briefing to passengers, including
precautions to be observed when embarking and disembarking from
aircraft;
(F) In the case of the helicopter, and if applicable, powered-lift, settling with
power; ground resonance; retreating blade stall; dynamic roll-over and
other operation hazards; safety procedures, associated with flight under
VFR;
(viii) Principles of flight
(ix) Radiotelephony
(A) Procedures and phraseology; action to be taken in case of communication
failure.
(d) Skill. The applicant for an MPL shall have demonstrated the skills:
(1) Required for fulfilling all the competency units specified in this part as pilot flying
and pilot not flying, to the level required to perform as a co-pilot of turbinepowered
airplanes certificated for operation with a minimum crew of at least two
pilots under VFR and IFR, and to:
(2) Recognize and manage threats and errors;
(3) Smoothly and accurately manually control the airplane within its limitations at all
times, such that the successful outcome of a procedure or maneuver is assured;
(4) Operate the airplane in the mode of automation appropriate to the phase of flight
and to maintain awareness of the active mode of automation;
(5) Perform, in an accurate manner, normal, abnormal and emergency procedures in
all phases of flight; and
(6) Communicate effectively with other flight crew members and demonstrate the
ability to effectively perform procedures for crew incapacitation, crew coordination,
including allocation of pilot tasks, crew cooperation, adherence to standard
operating procedures (SOPs) and use of checklists.
(7) Progress in acquiring the skills above shall be continuously assessed.
Note: See IS: 2.3.3.5 Appendix B for MPL Skills requirements.
(e) Medical fitness. The applicant for an MPL shall hold a current Class 1 Medical
Certificate.
(f) Ratings. Comply with the sections of this regulation that apply to the rating he seeks.
(1) Airplane rating: Aeronautical experience.
(i) An applicant for a Multi-crew pilot license with an airplane rating shall have
completed an approved training course and shall have not less than 240
hours as pilot flying and pilot not flying of actual and simulated flight.
(ii) Flight experience in actual flight shall include not less than 40 hours of flight
time, or 35 hours if completed during a course of approved training, as a pilot
of airplanes appropriate to the class rating sought and shall include upset
recovery training, night flying, cross-country and flight by reference solely to
instruments.
(iii) The Licensing Authority shall determine whether experience as a pilot under
instruction in a flight simulation training device is acceptable as part of the
total flight time of 40 hours or 35 hours, as the case may be. Credit for such
experience shall be limited to a maximum of 5 hours.
(iv) When the applicant has flight time as a pilot of aircraft in other categories, the
Licensing Authority shall determine whether such experience is acceptable
and, if so, the extent to which the flight time requirements of sub-paragraph
(iii) above can be reduced accordingly.
(v) In addition to meeting the above provisions, the applicant shall have gained,
in a turbine-powered airplane certificated for operation with a minimum crew
of at least two pilots, or in a flight simulation training device approved for that
purpose by the Licensing Authority the experience necessary to achieve the
advanced level of competency defined listed in Subpart 2.3.3.5.1 (c) and (d)
above.
(g) Privileges. Subject to compliance with the requirements specified in this Part, the
privileges of the holder of an MPL shall be:
(1) (i) to exercise all the privileges of the holder of a private pilot license in the
appropriate airplane category provided the requirements have been met;
(ii) to exercise the privileges of the instrument rating in a multi-crew operation;
and
(iii) To act as co-pilot in an airplane required to be operated with a co-pilot.
(2) Before exercising the privileges of the instrument rating in a single pilot operation,
the license holder shall have demonstrated an ability to act as pilot-in-command in
a single pilot operation exercised solely by reference to instruments.
(3) Before exercising the privileges of a commercial pilot license in a single pilot
operation, the license holder shall have:
(i) completed 70 hours, either as pilot-in-command, or made up by not less than
10 hours as pilot-in-command and the necessary additional flight time as pilotin-
command under supervision;
(ii) meet the requirements for the commercial pilot license.
(3) Act as second-in-command/co-pilot in commercial air transportation in airplanes
required to be operated with a co-pilot by the type certificate of the aircraft or the
regulations under which the aircraft will be operated; and
(4) When the holder of an airline transport pilot license in the airplane category has
only previously held a MPL, the privileges of the license shall be limited to multicrew
operations unless the holder has met the requirements established. Any
limitation of privileges shall be endorsed on the license.
(h) Validity. Subject to compliance with the requirements specified in this Part, the validity
period of the license is one (1) year. For renewal of the license see Subpart 2.2.3.
2.3.3.6 INSTRUMENT RATING - AIRPLANE
(a) General. The holder of a pilot license shall not act either as pilot-in-command or as copilot
of an aircraft under instrument flight rules (IFR) unless such holder has received
proper Authorization from the Authority. Proper Authorization shall comprise an
instrument rating appropriate to the aircraft category.
(b) Knowledge. The applicant for an IR (A) shall:
(1) receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor on the following
subjects
(i) Air law: rules and regulations relevant to flight under IFR: related air traffic
services practices and procedures;
(ii) Aircraft general knowledge:
(A) use, limitation and serviceability of avionics and instruments necessary for
the control and navigation of airplanes under IFR and in instrument
meteorological conditions; use and limitations of autopilot;
(B) compasses, turning and acceleration errors; gyroscopic instruments,
operational limits and precession effects; practices and procedures in the
event of malfunctions of various flight instruments;
(iii) Flight performance and planning
(A) pre-flight preparations and checks appropriate to flight under IFR;
(B) operational flight planning; preparation and filing of air traffic services
flight plans under IFR; altimeter setting procedures;
(iv) Human performance: human performance relevant to instrument flight in
airplanes;
(v) Meteorology:
(A) application of aeronautical meteorology; interpretation and use of reports,
charts and forecasts; codes and abbreviations; use of, and procedures for
obtaining, meteorological information; altimetry;
(B) causes. recognition and effects of engine and airframe icing; frontal zone
penetration procedures; hazardous weather avoidance;
(vi) Navigation:
(A) practical air navigation using radio navigation aids;
(B) use. accuracy and reliability of navigation systems used in departure, enroute,
approach and landing phases of flight; identification of radio
navigation aids;
(vii) Operation procedures
(A) interpretation and use of aeronautical documentation such as AIP,
NOTAM, aeronautical codes and abbreviations, and instrument procedure
charts for departure, en-route; descent and approach;
(B) precautionary and emergency procedures; safety practices associated
with flight under IFR
(viii) Radiotelephony:
(A) radiotelephony procedures and phraseology as applied to aircraft
operations under IFR, action to be taken in case of communication failure;
(B) as listed in IS 2.3.3.6 Appendix A.
(2) have received an endorsement for the knowledge test from an authorized
instructor who:
(i) conducted the training on the knowledge subjects;
(ii) certifies that the person is prepared for the required knowledge test; and
(3) pass the required knowledge test on the knowledge subjects listed in IS 2.3.3.6
Appendix A.
(c) Experience.
(1) The applicant for an IR (A) shall hold at least a PPL (A).
(2) The applicant shall have completed not less than:
(i) 50 hours of cross-country flight time as pilot-in-command of aircraft in
categories acceptable to the Authority, of which not less than 10 hours shall
be in airplanes; and
(ii) 40 hours of instrument time in airplanes or helicopters of which not more than
20 hours, or 30 hours where a flight simulator is used, may be instrument
ground time. The ground time shall be under the supervision of an authorized
instructor.
(d) Flight Instruction.
(1) The applicant for an IR (A) shall have not less than 10 hours of the instrument
flight time required in (c)(2)(ii) while receiving and logging dual instruction in
airplanes from an authorized flight instructor, on the subjects listed in IS 2.3.3.6
Appendix B.
(2) The instructor shall ensure that the applicant has operational experience in at
least the following areas to the level of performance required for the holder of an
instrument rating:
(i) pre-flight procedures, including the use of the flight manual or equivalent
document, and appropriate air traffic services documents in the preparation of
an IFR flight plan;
(ii) pre-flight inspection, use of checklists, taxiing and pre-take-off checks;
(iii) procedures and maneuvers for IFR operation under normal, abnormal and
emergency conditions covering at least:
(A) transition to instrument flight on take-off;
(B) standard instrument departures and arrivals;
(C) en-route IFR procedures and navigation;
(D) holding procedures;
(E) instrument approaches to specified minima;
(F) missed approach procedures;
(G) landings from instrument approaches;
(iv) in flight maneuvers and particular flight characteristics.
(3) If the privileges of the instrument rating are to be exercised on multi-engine
airplanes, the applicant shall have received dual instrument flight instruction in
such an airplane from an authorized flight instructor. The instructor shall ensure
that the applicant has operational experience in the operation of the airplane
solely by reference to instruments with one engine inoperative or simulated
inoperative.
(e) Skill. The applicant for an IR (A) shall:
(1) have received an endorsement from an authorized instructor who certifies that the
person is prepared for the required skill test; and
(2) have demonstrated by passing a skill test the ability to perform the areas of
operation described in IS 2.3.3.6 Appendix B, with a degree of competency
appropriate to the privileges granted to the holder of an IR (A), and to:
(i) operate the airplane within its limitations;
(ii) complete all maneuvers with smoothness and accuracy;
(iii) exercise good judgment and airmanship;
(iv) apply aeronautical knowledge; and
(v) maintain control of the airplane at all times in a manner such that the
successful outcome of a procedure or maneuver is never seriously in doubt,
(vi) understand and apply crew coordination and incapacitation procedures, and
(vii) communicate effectively with the other flight crew members
(3) have demonstrated by passing a skill test the ability to operate multi-engine
airplanes solely by reference to instruments with one engine inoperative, or
simulated inoperative, described in IS 2.3.3.6 Appendix B, if the privileges of the
instrument rating are to be exercised on such airplanes.
(f) Medical fitness. Applicants who hold a PPL shall have established their hearing acuity
on the basis of compliance with the hearing requirements for the issue of a Class 1
Medical Certificate.
(g) Privileges. Subject to compliance with the requirements specified in this Part, the
privileges of the holder of an IR(A) shall be to pilot airplanes under IFR.
(1) Before exercising the privileges on multi-engine airplanes the holder of the rating
shall have complied with the requirements of (e) (3).
(h) Validity. Subject to compliance with the requirements specified in this Part, the validity
period of an IR (A) is 1 year.
(i) Renewal:
(1) For the renewal of a single-engine instrument rating the applicant shall within the
preceding 12 calendar months, complete proficiency check on the subjects listed
in IS 2.3.3.6 Appendix B.
(2) For the renewal of a multi-engine instrument rating the applicant shall within the
preceding 12 calendar months, complete proficiency check on the subjects listed
in IS 2.3.3.6 Appendix B.
(3) If a pilot takes the proficiency check required in this section in the calendar month
before or the calendar month after the month in which it is due; the pilot is
considered to have taken it in the month in which it was due for the purpose of
computing when the next proficiency check is due.
(j) Re-issue. If the instrument rating has been expired the applicant shall:
(1) have received refresher training from an authorized instructor with an
endorsement that the person is prepared for the required skill test; and
(2) pass the required skill test on the subjects listed in IS 2.3.3.6 Appendix B.
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